Instruction Set Architecture

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Instruction Set Architecture Posted: 02 Feb 2019 04:00 PM PST The (main) memory can be modeled as an array of millions of adjacent cells, each capable of storing a binary digit (bit), having value of 1 or 0. These cells are organized in the form of groups of fixed number, say n, of cells that can be dealt with as an atomic entity. An entity consisting of 8 bits is called a byte. In many systems, the entity consisting of n bits that can be stored and retrieved in and out of the memory using one basic memory operation is called a word (the smallest addressable entity). Typical size of a word ranges from 16 to 64 bits. It is, however, customary to express the size of the memory in terms of bytes. For example, the size of a typical memory of a personal computer is 256 MB, that is, 256*2^20 = 2^28 bytes. In order to be able to move a word in and out of the memory, a distinct address has to be assigned to each word. This address will be used to determine the location in the memory in which a given word is to be stored. This is called a memory write operation. Similarly, the address will be used to determine the memory location from which a word is to be retrieved from the memory. This is called a memory read operation. Three basic steps are needed in order for the CPU to perform a write operation into a specified memory location: The word to be stored into the memory location is first loaded by the CPU into a specified register, called the memory data register (MDR). The address of the location into which the word is to be stored is loaded by the CPU into a specified register, called the memory address register (MAR). A signal, called write, is issued by the CPU indicating that the word stored in the MDR is to be stored in the memory location whose address in loaded in the MAR. ADDRESSING MODES Information involved in any operation performed by the CPU needs to be addressed. In computer terminology, such information is called the operand. Therefore, any instruction issued by the processor must carry at least two types of information. These are the operation to be performed, encoded in what is called the op-code field, and the address information of the operand on which the operation is to be performed, encoded in what is called the address field. Instructions can be classified based on the number of operands as: three-address, two-address, one-and-half-address, one-address, and zero-address. The different ways in which operands can be addressed are called the addressing modes. Addressing modes differ in the way the address information of operands is specified. The simplest addressing mode is to include the operand itself in the instruction, that is, no address information is needed. This is called immediate addressing. A more involved addressing mode is to compute the address of the operand by adding a constant value to the content of a register. This is called indexed addressing. Between these two addressing modes there exist a number of other addressing modes including absolute addressing, direct addressing, and indirect addressing.

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Forensic Engineering : An Introduction

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Forensic Engineering : An Introduction Posted: 30 Mar 2020 05:00 PM PDT There are lots of powerful things you can do with the Markdown editor. If you've gotten pretty comfortable with writing in Markdown, then you may enjoy some more advanced tips about the types of things you can do with Markdown! As with the last post about the editor, you'll want to be actually editing this post as you read it so that you can see all the Markdown code we're using. Special formatting As well as bold and italics, you can also use some other special formatting in Markdown when the need arises, for example: strike through ==highlight== *escaped characters* Writing code blocks There are two types of code elements which can be inserted in Markdown, the first is inline, and the other is block. Inline code is formatted by wrapping any word or words in back-ticks, like this. Larger snippets of code can be displayed across multiple lines using triple back ticks: .my-link { text-decoration: underline; } If you want to get really fancy, you can even add syntax highlighting using Rouge.

Minimal Design Posted: 30 Mar 2020 05:00 PM PDT There are lots of powerful things you can do with the Markdown editor. If you've gotten pretty comfortable with writing in Markdown, then you may enjoy some more advanced tips about the types of things you can do with Markdown! As with the last post about the editor, you'll want to be actually editing this post as you read it so that you can see all the Markdown code we're using. Special formatting As well as bold and italics, you can also use some other special formatting in Markdown when the need arises, for example: Writing code blocks There are two types of code elements which can be inserted in Markdown, the first is inline, and the other is block. Inline code is formatted by wrapping any word or words in back-ticks, like this. Larger snippets of code can be displayed across multiple lines using triple back ticks: .my-link { text-decoration: underline; } If you want to get really fancy, you can even add syntax highlighting using Rouge. Reference lists The quick brown jumped over the lazy. Another way to insert links in markdown is using reference lists. You might want to use this style of linking to cite reference material in a Wikipedia-style. All of the links are listed at the end of the document, so you can maintain full separation between content and its source or reference. Full HTML Perhaps the best part of Markdown is that you're never limited to just Markdown. You can write HTML directly in the Markdown editor and it will just work as HTML usually does. No limits! Here's a standard YouTube embed code as an example:

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A programmer should be light headed

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A programmer should be light headed Posted: 31 Mar 2020 05:00 PM PDT There are lots of powerful things you can do with the Markdown editor. If you've gotten pretty comfortable with writing in Markdown, then you may enjoy some more advanced tips about the types of things you can do with Markdown! As with the last post about the editor, you'll want to be actually editing this post as you read it so that you can see all the Markdown code we're using. Special formatting As well as bold and italics, you can also use some other special formatting in Markdown when the need arises, for example: strike through ==highlight== *escaped characters* Writing code blocks There are two types of code elements which can be inserted in Markdown, the first is inline, and the other is block. Inline code is formatted by wrapping any word or words in back-ticks, like this. Larger snippets of code can be displayed across multiple lines using triple back ticks: .my-link { text-decoration: underline; } If you want to get really fancy, you can even add syntax highlighting using Rouge. Reference lists The quick brown jumped over the lazy. Another way to insert links in markdown is using reference lists. You might want to use this style of linking to cite reference material in a Wikipedia-style. All of the links are listed at the end of the document, so you can maintain full separation between content and its source or reference. Full HTML Perhaps the best part of Markdown is that you're never limited to just Markdown. You can write HTML directly in the Markdown editor and it will just work as HTML usually does. No limits! Here's a standard YouTube embed code as an example:

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